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The famous activist known for his faery speeches and writings in defense of the civil rights give place in American literary history. Malcolm X (1925-1965) was born as Malcolm Little, and later also known as el-Hajj Malik EL-Shabazz. He spent his earlier years in Michigan. After his father died probably at the hands of a white racist group, and his mother was placed in a mental institution, Malcolm moved to Boston to live with his half-sister. He became involved in the night life and underworld of Boston, then later Harlem in 1946 he was arrested and imprisoned for armed robbery. During his prison years, he experienced a conversion to the nation of Islam.
Upon his release, he changed his name to Malcolm X, the X satisfying the unknown name of his African ancestors and their culture that had been erased during slavery. Becoming a minister form the nation of Islam, which preached the idea that the white are devils, he helped build it into a significant force in urban black life. In 1963, he split from the Nation of Islam, and began to move from the mainly spiritual philosophy of the nation to a more political black nationalism. In the following year he was assassinated; his autobiography The Autobiography of Malcolm X was published by Alex Haley in collaboration.